The Writing Process

Writing a Historiography

Posted on April 16, 2026April 15, 2026 by Alison Fortenberry

Historiographies are historical analyses of the historical scholarship written about a given subject. Rather than just identifying gaps in a scholarly conversation, historiographies analyze how that historical literature has been produced and how it has changed over time. Writing a historiography gives you the chance to make a historical argument about how the knowledge in your field has developed and evolved. However, approaching a whole new field of literature as an undergraduate researcher can be overwhelming. Here are some strategies I’ve used to parse historical literature and write historiographies for my independent work.

Shelves filled with books in Firestone Library. — *I start my historiographies in Firestone looking for a wide range of literature.* *Photo credit: Denise Applewhite*.

“With Focus Comes Depth, and with Depth Comes Complexity”

Posted on March 19, 2026March 5, 2026 by Gabriel Ascoli

A statue of a man sitting on a rock, thinking — *Le Penseur* (The Thinker) Statue, by Auguste Rodin (1904)

As I wrapped up the first of my two independent junior research papers and began brainstorming for the second (and much larger) one, I hit a familiar wall: too much possibility, with no clear direction.

This next paper is supposed to be around 30 pages. The topic is broad. My notes are abundant and scattered. Every passage and source I consider seems to open a new direction I could take. In theory, this is a researcher’s dream – I have abundant evidence, rich material, and intellectual freedom. In practice though, it can feel paralyzing. What is even relevant? How do I start this? What am I actually trying to say?

My high school English teacher gave me the most useful writing advice I’ve ever heard: “With focus comes depth, and with depth comes complexity.”

Dealing with Feedback

Posted on March 12, 2026March 31, 2026 by Stanley Stoutamire, Jr.

Aaron Burr Hall Entrance — Entrance to Aaron Burr Hall, home to the anthropology department and my JP adviser. Photo credit: AccessAbleUSA

Whether it’s long hours alone in a lab or late nights in Firestone, research can feel like a uniquely isolating experience. The process of compiling existing knowledge and producing new knowledge invites us to dive deep into ongoing conversations that exist within our fields. These deep dives into the procedures, frameworks, and models that define research projects require a degree of focus that can narrow our view. One of the few moments in any research journey that disrupts this individual flow is the feedback process. That moment, when we are reminded that research is explicitly collaborative, is always critical and often dreaded. Having received my fair share of feedback over the years, I’ve learned just how important each step of the feedback process is. This goes beyond just receiving feedback, but instead really considering the importance of preparing for feedback too.

Research in the Humanities and Social Sciences: Sophomore Research Seminars

Posted on March 5, 2026March 5, 2026 by Alison Fortenberry

The exterior of the New South Building with fall foliage. — *New South, where many first-year writing seminars and sophomore research seminars take place.*

First-year writing seminars are a rite of passage for all Princeton students, introducing you to the research and writing skills you need to craft an independent research paper. But what comes next? For many undergraduates, sophomore year is a year-long pause before you actually get to apply those independent research skills in your JP. The Princeton Writing Program’s sophomore research seminars offer an alternative.

You Don’t Have to Be an Expert to Start Research

Posted on February 26, 2026February 26, 2026 by Aishah Shahid

My final research poster at the poster presentation — *My final research poster at the pos*ter *session*.

Last semester, as a sophomore in the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, I completed my first independent research project as part of the Sophomore Independent Work (ECE 298) with Swan Labs, a lab that works on next-generation wireless systems by combining electromagnetics, signal processing, and system-level design to build fast, intelligent, secure, and adaptable wireless technologies. While I had done research in high school before, this was my first time engaging in research within a truly structured academic setting. The experience felt fundamentally different from anything I had done previously, and it reshaped how I understand what research really means.

Navigating Deadlines

Posted on December 17, 2025December 8, 2025 by Stanley Stoutamire, Jr.

Student wearing headphones works in on the first floor of Firestone Library — *A student working in Firestone Library*. *Photo credit: Denise Applewhite, Princeton Department of Communications*

If someone asked me to describe my experiences with research in a word, I’d probably end up at a loss. My research experiences have been exciting, tiring, and fulfilling all at once. Research is endlessly multifaceted, with each experience being unique. Still, a few constants remain, and deadlines are certainly one of them. No matter the methods, no matter the discipline, every project eventually comes to an end. As that moment creeps closer, it often feels more and more inconveniently insurmountable.

Despite this, deadlines are important. They not only help with the goal-setting process, but also force us to abandon the appeal of endless revisions in the pursuit of perfection. Deadlines ensure that, at some point, there will be a final product. Meeting those deadlines, however, is a different story and one that can present real challenges.

6 Tips to Prepare for Independent Work Over Break

Posted on December 16, 2025December 4, 2025 by Alison Fortenberry

Firestone Plaza at night — *I’ll be checking out books from Firestone Library before heading home for winter break*.

As another semester draws to a close and winter break looms, now is the perfect time to make a plan for independent work over break. The flexibility of break can give you the freedom to work on your own schedule, but it can also be challenging to keep making progress without the external structure of the semester. Here are a few things that I’m doing before leaving campus to help set me up for thesis writing over the break:

The Role of Struggle in Research

Posted on November 11, 2025November 11, 2025 by Gabriel Ascoli

*Roman copy of a Greek bronze bust of Aristotle by Lysippos (c. 330 BC).*

Aristotle’s Metaphysics begin with an oft-quoted adage: πάντες ἄνθρωποι τοῦ εἰδέναι ὀρέγονται φύσει (Aristotle, Metaphysics A.1 980a). “All humans, by their nature, strive to understand.”

With some spare time over fall break, I decided to brush up on my Greek philosophy. My upcoming junior independent work will focus on Lucretius’ philosophical poem De Rerum Natura, and he engages with so many ideas from ancient Greek thinkers – Epicurus, Democritus, Plato, and Aristotle, to name a few – I thought it prudent to be familiar with them. Given that the very purpose of their works is to explain their ideas, I didn’t expect to run into serious trouble as I began reading them. Instead, as I started making my way through Aristotle’s Metaphysics and Plato’s Timaeus, I found myself entangled with ideas of identity, causation, and substance. My overwhelming reaction was… “wait, what?”

Finding Your Focus: 5 Tips on How to Narrow Down Your Topic

Posted on October 14, 2025October 8, 2025 by Alison Fortenberry

A brainstorming man looks at a wall covered with notes and ideas — *Brainstorming Ideas. Photo Credit: Per Lööv*

As someone in the social sciences and humanities, I had a broad idea of what I was interested in when going into my independent research. But once it came time to propose a specific topic, I was overwhelmed by how many possibilities there were. I was drawing on a massive archive of documents that dated back to the 1890s, so trying to decide on just one moment or figure to focus on made me feel like I was leaving a lot of important stories out. The best research projects are the ones that you’re genuinely excited about, but what do you do when you’re excited by a lot of different topics? Here are five tips that have helped me narrow down a broad research interest to a specific research topic.

Thanking Your Mentors: Tips on Writing Your Research Paper Acknowledgements

Posted on April 28, 2025April 28, 2025 by Alexis Wu

Photo of Princeton's Blair Arch with green grass in the foreground and a blue sky in the background. — *I have yet to print my senior thesis, but once I do, I’ll be taking a photo with it in front of Blair Arch (per tradition!).* *Photo by author.*

When I sat down to write the acknowledgements for my senior thesis, I realized something surprising: my department’s resources on how to write a thesis or independent work paper didn’t include any advice on writing this section. In some ways, that makes sense. Most readers focus on sections like the abstract, methodology, and results, which really serve as and highlight the key contributions of the paper. But having guidance on how to write acknowledgements can go a long way in helping students thank the people who made their research possible. In this article, I’ll share a few tips for writing acknowledgements—whether you’re submitting a STEM paper to a conference or wrapping up your senior thesis.

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